Soilworks products are the industry’s top standard due to our insistence on creating high performance soil stabilization and dust control products that stand up to rigorous testing – both in the lab and in the field. Our commitment to quality and performance has led to our involvement and testing in hundreds of real-world situations. The following library of reports, presentations, specifications, approvals and other similar documents provide you, our customer, the transparency and dependable assurance that is expected from Soilworks.
Health Effects of Air Pollution: A
Brief Review
Dust Control and Soil Stabilization for Arid Regions
Western Chapter International Erosion Control Association February 1, 2017
Al Brown, R.S., C.P.M., M.P.A
ASU Senior Lecturer
Did you know:
air/minute (approximately 2 ga, ll ons)
(2,905 gai ll ons/ day or 3,88 cu bi,c feet / diay.)
Source: Discovery Health – online
Maricopa County
Susceptible Populations
– Spend more time outdoors
– Have developing lungs (fewer alveoli) and immune systems
– Have a larger lung surface area per kg of body wt.
– Breathe 50% more air per kg of body wt.
– Asthmatics and other COPD patients
– Coronary artery and congestive heart failure
Criteria Pollutants
Source: httSpcs:h//owowlswe3f.eEpna.ggoinv/ecegir-ibning/broker?polchoice=CO&_debug=0&_service=data&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY engineering.asu.edu
Health Effects of CO
HbFe + CO ⇄ HbFeCO
HbFe + O2 ⇄ HbFeO2
– Equilibrium constant for HbFeCO binding is 240 times as large as for HbFeO2.
– Thus, even a small amount of CO can be deadly because it blocks active site of Hb.
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY engineering.asu.edu
https://www3.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?polchoice=SO2&_debug=0&_service=data&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas TPD1702041
Sulfur compounds
– Sulfur compounds are generated naturally by biological processes (such as anaerobic microbial degradation)
– As much as 90% of sulfur in humid regions occurs as organosulfur compounds.
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
https://www3.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?polchoice=NOX&_debug=0&_service=data&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas
Major Findings from 2016 NO2 ISA
Asthma Attacks |
Causal relationship from short term exposure |
Respiratory effects |
Likely causal for long-term exposure |
Exposure assessment |
Most if near or on roads; low socioeconomic status; non- white populations |
Source: U.S. EPA 2016 Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen – Health Criteria
Ozone
– Distinguish ozone from O2 which is the stable form of oxygen in atmosphere.
O-O=O or O=O-O vs O=O
– O3 has weaker bonds than O2 and is much more reactive. Strong oxidizing agent. Attacks rubber, cellulose, and other materials.
– O3 is a secondary, not a primary pollutant. It is produced through photochemical reactions in atmosphere. Thus, without sunlight, no ozone.
– We can’t regulate ozone directly. Instead we regulate its precursors which are VOCs and NOx emissions. So we are concerned about NOx for its own health effects, but also because it is a precursor to ozone.
Bogenics Fires
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
https://www3.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?polchoice=NOX&_debug=0&_service=data&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas
TPD1702041
Short Term Exposure
Schools ef Engineering
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
EPA 2013 ISA for Ozone and
Related Photochemical Oxidants
engineering.asu.edu
EPA 2013 ISA for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants
2006 ISA 2013 ISA
Healtheffectsofgroun,d-levell•OZ•one
The science shows that ozone:
breathe as deeply as normal
Ira A. Fulton
Schools ef Engineering
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
EPA Proposed NAAQS for O3 December, 2014
engineering.asu.edu
|
Benefits and Costs of Meeting the Proposed Standards
N ote : These numbers do not include Ca lifornia which was
analy zed separately 18
Ira A. Fulton
Schools ef Engineering
EPA Proposed NAAQS for O3
December, 2014; Final Rule October 2015
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY engineering.asu.edu
Summary of Health Effects from ozone
Particulate Matter
– Can be liquid or solids. Suspended solid aerosols include fumes or smoke formed by condensation, sublimation or chemical reactions.
– Mists are condensed liquid particles. Generally mist particles are larger than fumes.
Classification of PM
– PM10 refers to particulate matter ≤ 10 μm
– PM2.5 refers to particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm
– Ultra-fines are less than 0.1 μm. No current U.S. regulations for PM0.1.
– PM2.5 particles called fine fraction. Atmospheric lifetimes of days to weeks. Can travel thousands of kilometers. Higher concentration of organics. Poorly characterized compared to PM10. Mostly from combustion sources.
– Coarse fraction refers to inhalable PM10 from which the fine fraction has been removed (i.e. PM2.5-10 fraction. Atmospheric lifetimes of minutes to hours. Travel less than 10 km.
Particulate Matter: What is It?
Acomplexmixture,ofextremelysm1all particlesandliquiddroplets
Agriculture Fires
Industrial Ftocess es rvk:bile
DJst
Fue Can bus1i on M scell aneous Sdvent
ARIZONSAourSceT:AhtTtpEs://wNwIwV3E.eRpaS.gIoTvY/cgi-bin/broker?polchoice=PM&_debug=0&_service=data&_perognramg=diantaperoeg.nratiionnagl_1..saassu.edu
|
Fire;
Agriculture Fuel Can bustien Miscellaiecus
rvt:bile Industrial A”oce;se;
Sdvent
LJnks Agriculture Fires
Short Tens
DJst
Fue Can bustien
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Industrial Froce;s e; rvt:bile
Mscellaneous
Sdvent
I I 111 1111 .u u.ed u
https://www3.epa.gov/cgi -bin/broker?polchoice=PM&_debug=0&_service=data&_program=dataprog.national_1.TsPaDs 1702041
July 5, 2011 Haboob
Photo Courtesy: Daniel Bryant
ARIZONA STATE
From J. Colls, Air Pollution (2002), SpoennPgreisnseering.asu.edu
|
Donora, PA 1948
PM 2.5 Exceedance Day
Source: ADEQ Monthly Air Quality Report; December 2012
Toxic Effects of Particulate Matter
– Air pathway becomes progressively smaller: Trachea à Bronchi à Bronchioles à Alveoli
– In alveolar sac there is only one cell thickness between air and bloodstream. Gaseous molecules can diffuse across.
– Extrathoracic (ET) consists of nasal and oral passages through the larynx
– Tracheobronchial (TB) consists of trachea, bronchi, and conducting bronchioles
– Alveolar (A) consists of respiratory bronchioles alveoli
Incredible Machine,
National Geographic Society, 1986
Incredible Machine, National Geographic Society, 1986
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY engineering.asu.edu
Deposition of PM in Respiratory System
– For 10 μm particles, deposition is about 90% in nasal region (very few large particles make it through nasal passage)
– Nasal breathing is more effective in removing particulates than oral breathing. Children tend to breathe more orally, thus might be more impacted by particulates.
Sites of Deposition
Clearance of PM
– Particles in mouth can be swallowed or expectorated. In nose, can be cleared by sneezing, wiping, or blowing nose.
– Mucociliary clearance in TB originally thought to take 24-48 hrs. Series of “escalators.” Now thought to be a slower clearance for smaller particles (up to 100 days for UFP).
– Macrophages originate in bone marrow, circulate in blood and envelop a deposited particle.
– Some deposited particles can translocate (move across cell membranes, into blood and circulate through body.
ing.asu.edu
Toxicological Effects of PM-2.5
– Each 10 mg/m3 increase in PM2.5 is associated with a 4% increase in total mortality; 6% increase in cardiovascular mortality; and 8% increase in lung cancer mortality. No consistent associations with coarse PM.
Source: U.S. EPA, 2012, Provisional Assessment
of Recent Studies on Health Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY engineering.asu.edu
Results and Conclusions
PM2.5
Ultrafine PM and PM 2.5 in Blood and CNS
Source: U.S. EPA, 2004, Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter
U.S. EPA, 2009, Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter, Final Report,
Summary of PM Health Effects
ftE AIA EUnnvlnilmma a11I-BRI Pi’ote lc11
Agenc:y
Be,
nefits and Cos-ts
Otti.ee ol Ah OLJality Plarmlng 2md Siandards
standa.rds incllude the value of estimated annuall reductions of:
– 11 200 to 13 000 premature deaths in people with heart or lung disease;
–
|
2 600 cases of chronic bronchitis
– 5,000 nonfatal heart attacks·
|
– 11 6 30 hospital admissions far cardiovascular or respiratory symptoms;
– 1200 emergency room visits for asthma;
– 7,300 cases of acute bron chitis;
–
|
97 000 cases of upper and lower respiratory symptoms;
– 51,000 cases of aggravated asthma;
–
|
350 000 days when people miss worik or school; and
– 2 million days when people must restrict their activities because of
partic le pollution-related symptoms.
19
Lead
– Historically lead used in gasoline, paints, piping, radioactive shielding, etc. Also natural sources from soils.
– Due to use of unleaded gasoline, emissions decreased 99% from 1970 to 1995 (all leaded gasoline banned in
U.S. on Dec 31, 1995). Now also banned in paints, and solder.
– Main sources now from piston engine aircraft and metal smelting. Following slides show dramatic differences in total lead emissions and sources.
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
https://www3.epa.gov/cgi-bin/broker?polchoice=Pb&_debug=0&_service=data&_program=dataprog.national_1.sas
Hazardous Air Pollutants
– Asbestos
– Benzene
– Perchloroethlyene
– Toluene
– 1,3 Butadiene
– Formaldehyde
HAPs are not routinely monitored by air quality regulatory agencies
Mobile Source Air Toxics
Schools ef Engineering
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY engineering.asu.edu
What is In Diesel Exhaust?
Bio aerosols
Please note that these pollutants are NOT regulated
– Stachybotrys chartarum
– Histoplasma capsulatum
– Aspergillus fumigatus
– Aspergillus clavatus
Pollutant
Indoor Air Pollutants
Source
Pollutant
Indoor Air Pollutants continued
Source
Source: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/ia–intro.html TPD1702041
|
EPA Map of Radon Zones
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY engineering.asu.edu
Gabrielson, D., 2011, Pinal County DEQ
Hazards,toTransportationAre
Hl azards toP’ublic1
– May 1971, Casa Grande, Ariizona
Hl ealth
– http://casagrandepl.newspaperarchive.com/ PdN iewer.html?pubdateid=15048836&src=browse
– lhttp://casagrandepl.newsp aper arch ive .com/PdN,
iiewer.html? pubdateiid=15049552&s rc=bro wse
– Dece1mber 199’1 , C oa l inga, California
– http://articles.latimes.com/1991-12-01/news/mn-917 1 dust-storm
– , February 2006, Stanfield, Arizona
– http:/fcasagrandepl.newspaperarchive.com/PdNiewer.html?pubdateid=14949 117&src=browse
– Dece1mber 2009, Casa Grande, Arizona
– http://www.azcentral.com/community/p inal/articles/2009/12/22/20091222pc-accident22-0 N.html
ARIZONA
GSTaAbTrEieUlsNoInVE,RDS.,IT2Y011, Pinal County DEQ
engineering.asu.eau
“…The Panel concluded that the evidence is sufficient to support a causal relationship between exposure to traffic-related air pollution and exacerbation of asthma. It also found suggestive evidence of a causal relationship with onset of childhood asthma, nonasthma respiratory symptoms, impaired lung function, total and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular morbidity, although the data are not sufficient to fully support causality.”
On average, vehicles emit one pound of pollutants per mile driven
“Local exposure to traffic on a freeway has adverse effects on children’s lung development, which are independent of regional air quality, and which could result in important deficits in attained lung function in later life.”
Diabetes and Air Pollution?
“Traffic-related air pollution is associated with incident type 2 diabetes among elderly women. Subclinical inflammation may be a mechanism linking air pollution with type 2 diabetes.”
Kramer, U., et. al., 2010, Environmental Health Perspectives TPD1702041
Coffelt Neighborhood
Legeoo
50, 0 MelerAlrSheoi
al I111,;.-,,ta’le i1
c:J c ol’re 1 ;gt,M mood
Crit ical ai r pol ll u tion
zone around 1-17
lll’lj’fli<l<)lft”,513U..J.:,.tl.:.:M,.J.!,i.i.l’.f:,II Ahi
0 5001 ,00ll 2,000 F-
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY engineering.asu.edu
Elementary School
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY engineering.asu.edu
Schools ef Engineering
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Localized highly unhealthful air pollution
engineering.asu.edu
Schools ef Engineering
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Localized highly unhealthful air pollution
engineering.asu.edu
How can I Reduce Air Pollution?
How Can I Protect Myself and My Family
http://cleanairmakemore.com/make-the-commitment/
SDS Highlights for Gorilla-Snot®
/media/101960/sgs1507021-gorilla-snot-safety-data-sheet.pdf
Current Developments in Re-Designation to
Attainment
– EPA Publishes Final Rule Approving 2012 SIP
– Petitioners (Sandy Bahr & David Matusow) file a Petition for Review, challenging the following portions of EPA’s approval of the 2012 SIP
9th Circuit Decision On Petition
– Upholds EPA’s determination
– Agrees that the 135 exceedances were exceptional events
– Upholds EPA’s determination
– Agrees that Control Measures do not need to be updated
– Remands to EPA the contingency measures portion for further consideration
Next Steps
– Appeal 9th Circuit Opinion
– Request AZ to revise Contingency Measures
– Wait for EPA while remaining in serious nonattainment
– Prepare a Maintenance Plan and seek Redesignation from nonattainment to attainment
Don’t Become Complacent
Do Not Become Complacent
References
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) 2012, Air Monitoring Network Plan for 2012, http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/air/assessment/download/networkplan_2012.pdf
ADEQ Air Quality Forecasts, 2012,
http://www.azdeq.gov/function/forms/docs.html#month
Gauderman, W. J. et. al, (2007), Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study, The Lancet, Volume 369, Issue 9561, 17– 23 February 2007, Pages 571-577, ISSN 0140-6736, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60037-
3.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607600373
HEI Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution. 2010. Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. HEI Special Report 17.
Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA.
References Continued
Jerrett, M. et al., 2009, Long-term ozone exposure and mortality, The New England Journal of Medicine, V. 360
Kramer, U. et. al., 2010, Traffic related pollution and incident Type 2 diabetes: results from the SALIA cohort study, Environmental Heath Perspectives, http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0901689
Kyle, A.D., Wright, C.C. Caldwell, J.C., Buffler, P.A., 2001,Evaluating the heath significance of hazardous air pollutants using monitoring data. Public Health Reports 2001; 116:32-44
References Continued
Narayan, M., 2013, Coffelt-Lamoreaux Public Housing Redevelopment: Health Impact Assessment Report
Pearson, J. F., et al., 2010, Association between fine particulate matter and diabetes prevalence in the U.S., Diabetes Care, Vol 33, No. 10.
Pope, C.A., et al., 2009, Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 360
Samet, J.M., et al. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987-1994. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000; 343:1742-1749
Schwartz, J., Air pollution and children’s health. Pediatrics 2004; 113:1037- 1043
References continued
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), 2013, Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants,
http://www.epa.gov/air/airpollutants.html
U.S. EPA, 2013, Indoor Air Quality, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/ia-intro.html
U.S. EPA, 2012, Provisional Assessment of Recent Studies on Health Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure, http://www.epa.gov/air/airpollutants.html
U.S. EPA, 2012, New Annual PM 2.5 Standard, Press Release,
http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/bd4379a92ceceeac8525735900400c27/a7446ca9e228622b852 57ad400644d82!OpenDocument
U.S. EPA, 2012, NAAQS page, http://epa.gov/air/criteria.html
U.S. EPA, 2009, Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter, Final Report,
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546
References continued
U.S. EPA, 2008, Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen,
http://www.epa.gov/air/airpollutants.html
U.S. EPA AirNow Website;
http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.displaymaps&pollutant=OZONE&StateID=3&domain=phnx&mon=11&dayofmon= 1&yr=2007
U. S. EPA, Air quality overview pages,
http://www.epa.gov/air/basic.html
U.S. EPA, 2006, Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants; EPA 600/R-05/004aF.
U. S. EPA, Health Providers Fact Sheets page,
http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=health_prof.main
References continued
U. S. EPA, Ozone Rule Slides, 2008,
http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/pdfs/2008_03_text_slides.pdf
U.S. EPA, Mobile Source Air Toxics, Final Rule, February 2007,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/toxics/420f07017.htm
U.S. EPA, September 2006 Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particle Pollution, Overview 9-06,
http://www.epa.gov/air/particlepollution/pdfs/20061013_presentation.pdf
U.S. EPA, Overview of Clean Air Act pages, http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/
U.S. EPA, 2004, Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter,
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=87903
References continued
U.S. EPA, 2003, Particle Pollution Fact Sheet,
http://www.epa.gov/air/particlepollution/health.html
U.S. Federal Highway Administration, 2014, South Mountain Freeway Final Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(f) Evaluation
University of Arizona Valley Fever Center for Excellence
http://www.vfce.arizona.edu/
Wright, Richard, Environmental Science 12th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2014
References continued
Akinbami, L., et. al., 2011, CDC National Health Statistics Reports, asthma
prevalence, health care use and mortality in United States 2005 – 2009
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) 2012, Air Monitoring Network Plan for 2012,
http://www.azdeq.gov/environ/air/assessment/download/networkplan_2012.pdf
ADEQ Air Quality Forecasts, 2012,
http://www.azdeq.gov/function/forms/docs.html#month
ADEQ, 2008 Air Quality Annual Report,
http://www.azdeq.gov/function/forms/download/2008air.pdf
ADEQ, 2008, Protecting our children: assessing the link between PM-10 pollution and childhood asthma in Maricopa County.
Center for Biosecurity of University of Pittsburg Medical Center
http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/our_work/biological-threats-and-epidemics/fact_sheets/glanders.html
Centers for Disease Control, 2012, Bioterrorism
http://www.bt.cdc.gov/bioterrorism/
References continued
Gabrielson, D., 2011, Pinal County PM 10 and PM 2.5 challenges and solutions, Pinal County Department of Environmental Quality, presented to Arizona Environmental Strategic Alliance January 25, 2011, http://azalliance.org/
Gauderman, W. J. et. al, (2007), Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study, The Lancet, Volume 369, Issue 9561, 17–23 February 2007, Pages 571-577, ISSN
0140-6736, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60037-3.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673607600373
HEI Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution. 2010. Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Critical Review of the Literature on Emissions, Exposure, and Health Effects. HEI Special Report 17.
Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA.
References continued
Health Effects Institute, 2016, Special Report 20, https://www.healtheffects.org/publication/burden- disease-attributable-coal-burning-and-other-air-pollution-sources-china
Jerrett, M. et al., 2009, Long-term ozone exposure and mortality, The New England Journal of Medicine, V. 360
Kramer, U. et. al., 2010, Traffic related pollution and incident Type 2 diabetes: results from the SALIA cohort study, Environmental Heath Perspectives, http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.0901689
Kyle, A.D., Wright, C.C. Caldwell, J.C., Buffler, P.A., 2001,Evaluating the heath significance of hazardous air pollutants using monitoring data. Public Health Reports 2001; 116:32-44
Pinal County Air Quality Control District, 2012, 2012 Ambient Air Monitoring Network Plan,
http://pinalcountyaz.gov/Departments/AirQuality/Pages/MonitoringNetwork.html
References continued
Maricopa Association of Governments, Lindy Bauer, Air Quality Update,
October 24, 2007; http://www.mag.maricopa.gov/project.cms?item=1007
Maricopa Association of Governments, 8-Hour Ozone Plan, June 2007;
http://www.mag.maricopa.gov/detail.cms?item=7377
Maricopa County Air Quality Department, 2011 Air Monitoring Network Annual Review;
http://www.maricopa.gov/aq/divisions/monitoring/docs
Maricopa County Air Quality Department, Dust Control Training Slides, February 2008
Maricopa County Air Quality Dept. 2005 Periodic Emissions Inventory For PM 10, January, 2007
http://www.maricopa.gov/aq/divisions/planning_analysis/emissions_inventory/reports/Default.html
References continued
Pearson, J. F., et al., 2010, Association between fine particulate matter and
diabetes prevalence in the U.S., Diabetes Care, Vol 33, No. 10.
Pope, C.A., et al., 2009, Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 360
Samet, J.M., et al. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987-1994. New England Journal of Medicine, 2000; 343:1742-1749
Schwartz, J., Air pollution and children’s health. Pediatrics 2004; 113:1037- 1043
The Arizona Republic, January 29, 2012, Surrounded by Pollution, Shaun McKinnon
U.S. EPA, 2017, Research on Near Roadway and Other Near Source Air Pollution. https://www.epa.gov/air-research/research-near-roadway-and-other-near-source-air-pollution
References continued
U.S. EPA, 2016, Air Pollution and Heart Disease Research,
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-01/documents/air_pollution_and_heart_disease_fact_sheet.pdf
U.S. EPA, 2016, ISA for Oxides of Nitrogen, https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/isa/recordisplay.cfm?deid=310879
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), 2013, Integrated Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants,
http://www.epa.gov/air/airpollutants.html
U.S. EPA, 2013, Indoor Air Quality, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/ia-intro.html
U.S. EPA, 2012, Provisional Assessment of Recent Studies on Health Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure, http://www.epa.gov/air/airpollutants.html
U.S. EPA, 2012, New Annual PM 2.5 Standard, Press Release,
http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/bd4379a92ceceeac8525735900400c27/a7446ca9e228622b852 57ad400644d82!OpenDocument
U.S. EPA, 2012, NAAQS page, http://epa.gov/air/criteria.html
References continued
U.S. EPA, 2009, Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter, Final Report,
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=216546
U.S. EPA, 2008, Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen,
http://www.epa.gov/air/airpollutants.html
U.S. EPA AirNow Website;
http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=airnow.displaymaps&pollutant=OZONE&StateID=3&domain=phnx&mon=11&dayofmon= 1&yr=2007
U. S. EPA, Air quality overview pages,
http://www.epa.gov/air/basic.html
U.S. EPA, 2006, Air quality criteria for ozone and related photochemical oxidants; EPA 600/R-05/004aF.
U. S. EPA, General health and wildfire info pages,
http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=static.health
U. S. EPA, Health Providers Fact Sheets page,
http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=health_prof.main
References continued
U.S. EPA, 2009, Residential air cleaners (second edition): a summary of available information, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pdfs/residential_air_cleaners.pdf
U. S. EPA, Ozone Rule Slides, 2008,
http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/pdfs/2008_03_text_slides.pdf
U.S. EPA, Mobile Source Air Toxics, Final Rule, February 2007,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/toxics/420f07017.htm
U.S. EPA, September 2006 Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particle Pollution, Overview 9-06,
http://www.epa.gov/air/particlepollution/pdfs/20061013_presentation.pdf
U.S. EPA, Overview of Clean Air Act pages, http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/peg/
U.S. EPA, 2004, Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter,
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=87903
References continued
U.S. EPA, 2003, Particle Pollution Fact Sheet,
http://www.epa.gov/air/particlepollution/health.html
University of Arizona Valley Fever Center for Excellence
http://www.vfce.arizona.edu/
Wiley, W., 2011, Maricopa County Air Quality Department, Two gallons of air, Presented to Arizona Environmental Strategic Alliance, January 25, 2011, http://azalliance.org/
Wright, Richard, Environmental Science 11th edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011
IRA A. FULTON SCHOOLS OF ENGINEERING
Leading engineering discovery and innovative education for global impact on quality of life.
al.brown@asu.edu
(ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
Copyright Soilworks, LLC 2003-. All Rights Reserved. Soilworks®, Soiltac®,
Gorilla-Snot®, and Durasoil® are registered trademarks of Soilworks, LLC.
Copyright Soilworks, LLC 2003-. All Rights Reserved. Soilworks®, Soiltac®,
Gorilla-Snot®, and Durasoil® are registered trademarks of Soilworks, LLC.